Why did Quakers come to North America? As Max Carter tells it, it wasn’t to escape religious persecution.
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Discussion Questions:
- Max describes the founding of Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment” where the kingdom of God could be felt experientially.Have you ever been to a place that felt like a holy experiment?
- What do you perceive as the geographical center of modern Quakerism?Where have you encountered the most faithful Quakers?
Transcript:
People associate Quakers primarily in the United States with Pennsylvania, and actually it wasn’t the first place the Quakers came to in the American colonies.
How Quakers Came to North America
Quakerism began in England—1640s and 50s—as missionaries, those who went forth to share their experience, to lead others into convincement, first came to Virginia.The first known Quaker in the colonies, I believe, was Elizabeth Harris 1656 in Virginia.There were Quakers in the Carolinas by the 1660s.So they were washing ashore in various places, initially as missionaries, carrying the gospel message as Friends.
William Penn and Pennsylvania
But in the 1670s, William Penn was a convinced Friend and was offered a tract of land on what we today call “Pennsylvania” by the King of England, who owed his father, Admiral Penn, a large debt for Admiral Penn’s having loaned a significant sum of money for the prosecution of a war.
Penn refused to accept the land until he sent his agents over to treat with the Native Americans who actually lived there on how they would live together, and Penn actually bought the land from the Native Americans.[In] 1681, 1682, in the treaty of Shackamaxon, painted by Benjamin West and Edward Hicks and those sorts of folks.
But whatever the historical details were, Penn did seek to live peaceably with the Native Americans in what became known as Pennsylvania.Penn didn’t call it Pennsylvania.The king said, “I want to honor your father by calling it ‘Penn’s Woods,’ Penn’s-Sylvania, to honor Admiral Penn,” and so the name stuck.
The Holy Experiment
It became, for William Penn, and opportunity to display what became known as “The Holy Experiment”, which we understand in two different ways.It was an experiment in how to organize our political and religious and social lives around those testimonies of Friends, around the Quaker understanding of restoring original Christianity.So it would be a place where people could practice their religion freely, without the dictates of the crown, where all would be equal in the society, regardless of their class and their religious background, and a place that would not be organized around the military power and might, where anyone who believed in God could run for office and serve in civil society.
But it was also understood to be a place where you would go and you would experience the power of that life.Quakers talked about knowing truth “experimentally”, which meant experientially.So the holy experiment was not just “We’re going to try this and see if it works,” it was actually, “Come here and experience what life living as if the kingdom of God has come on Earth as it is in heaven” is like, and many did.So many Quakers settled in the Delaware valley, in Pennsylvania because of that.
Expanding to Other Colonies
So it wasn’t as a refuge.Folks didn’t flock to the colonies to escape persecution.In fact, if they got to Massachusetts, they were hanged.It was not a capital offense to be a Quaker in England.It was in Massachusetts, and several Quakers were hanged for the crime of “driving while Quaker” in Massachusetts.They came to bear truth, to bear witness—and before long, almost half of the original colonies has Quaker majorities, or Quakers in government.
Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and the Carolinas all had significant Quaker governments, leadership well into the early 1700s.
Then from that center of the Delaware Valley Quaker culture, Friends started spreading out as it got expensive there or crowded there, in the mid 1700s, Quakers went down the Shenendoah Valley into the Carolinas, went north, went west, hit the Appalachian mountains and went south, eventually over the Appalachian mountains and into Ohio, Indiana…
The views expressed in this video are of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of Friends Journal or its collaborators.
Interesting, as always, Max.
Would suggest the first Quaker community was in Flushing, in New Amsterdam. Where Quakers were active from the early 1650s.
My ancestors, Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick, arrived in Salem, MA in the very early 1600’s and were persecuted along with many other Quakers of the time. There were several Quakers hung in Boston during this time, Mary Dyer being the most well-known. John Greenleaf Whittier wrote ‘The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick’ about the sale of her children into slavery. No boat captain would take possession of the children. This is a horrific era, long before the witch hysteria.
Read up on the Quakers in Nantucket! By the time Penn was taking baby steps, the Nantucket Meetinghouse held 2,000 Friends
Not all religions were welcome in Pennsylvania. Jews were specifically excluded.
By 1760 my GGG- Great Grandfather Michael Fisher left Pennsylvania as a disgruntled young man who felt that the original idea’s of William Penn had been displaced by an institutional greed and ambition to expand and prosper the so called movement in ways that included the use of slaves on the larger plantations. A far cry from the Treatises that honored and respected the ways of the aboriginal populations from which the original land was purchased, by design.
His travels eventually took him to the Ohio River Valley where he settled as the first non-native to meet and peacefully live amongst the Cherokee. 50 years Later his sons and their families helped form the city of Columbus Ohio, and over the next generations their network of family farms became an important link in the creation of the Underground Railway from Philadelphia through Ohio to Lake Erie. An quiet act of rebellion inspired by Grandfather Michael’s original dissatisfaction with what the Quaker Religion had become in the new world.
During those early years it was also reported that Michael Fisher found himself at odds with another pioneer of those early days named Daniel Boone, who made his mark as a famous Indian Killer quite contrary to the values the Fisher Family held towards their fellow man.
The point here is similar in spirit to the original concept of restoring the true principals behind Christs teachings. Beware the edicts of expansion and institutional power that all formal religions soon embrace. Do not ever identify with a movement at the expense of your own inner connection to the higher power of one’s heart and our harmonious place in the natural world. Live to Serve freedom, love, equality and each other above all other forms of formal religion. Be both a pioneer and revolutionary if need be ~ to honor those original teachings whatever it takes.
Well said Dirk. I live in Australia and *love* how that powerful symbol of the statue of liberty (aka “Liberty enlightening the world”) is not stationary, but in fact walking forward (into the darkness?) The USA has been a republic for near 250 now (well done!)
For me, the light of the future lies with MRD (Modern Representative Democracy…. which is *nothing* like classical Greek “democracy”!!!) And the USA has been *pretty good* at promoting that idea/ideal.
I’m encouraged by the advances made to MRD via the 19th century British Chartists, and enjoy a wonderful egalitarian spirit here in Australia, which was the first country in the world to adopt five of the Chartist’s six reforms (i.e. secret ballot; universal suffrage; anyone can stand for election to parliament; parliamentarians are paid; equal electoral boundaries.)
I much prefer our “Washminster system” (i.e. combo Westminster & Washington systems) where the Executive arises from *within* the Legislature/Congress. As well as a few other systems we’ve put in place (such as an independent Australian Electoral Commission which draws electoral boundaries every seven years to keep electorates roughly equal in population). However the USA has kept states rights far more alive than Australia, and for much longer.
Our legal history goes something like this: 1901 six independent colonies federate to become one nation; first twenty years and dispute between a state/s and commonwealth goes to the High Court and all decisions are in favour of the state/s; next twenty years decisions go 50/50, but with WWII commonwealth takes over income tax (previously states raised all taxes and gave money to the commonwealth government); after WWII, the “golden rule” applies, i.e. “whoever has the gold/money, makes the rules — decisions in the High Court have *always* gone the way of the federal government over and dispute with the states!
What would Jesus think? Well, IMHO Christ is in you, and in me, and in everyone who is open to the spirit. And the spirit is not yet in unity as to which are the best ways in which to conduct MRD!
I for instance would *love* to see ALL elections held annually (I’m swimming against the tide there I know!)
I have many good, compassionate, intelligent friends who love Proportional Representation (whilst it is anathema to me!)
At what age should we get the vote? (in my lifetime it’s been dropped from 21 to 18… and I often ponder whether it shouldn’t be 15, or even earlier!)
The *beauty* of MRD is that it is NOT “good vs evil” but one valid way of seeing things vs another valid view (THINK: abortion, capital punishment, voluntary euthanasia)
If we are to live in “The Age of Reason” (aka The Enlightenment”) then we MUST live in “The Age of Contention”, for reason alone can give us valid and yet opposing answers.
Peace.
What can you tell me about the Quakers in Perquimaines, NC? Through genealogy, I found some ancestors of mine, determined to be Quakers, who were there as early as 1652.